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https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adg2067 Abstract: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogeneous in size, composition, and function. We show that the six-transmembrane protein glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase 3 (GDE3) regulates actin remodeling, a global EV biogenic pathway, to release an EV subtype with distinct functions. GDE3 is necessary and sufficient for releasing EVs containing annexin A1 and GDE3 from the plasma membrane…

The time squares sequences: a new task for assessing visuospatial working memory – Olives are pretty tightly coupled to medullar CPG “master” circuits. All sensory data is initially processed in the brainstem, despite the canonical depictions of visual pathways. A disynaptic basal ganglia connection to the inferior olive: potential for basal ganglia influence on cerebellar…

Contemplating syndromic autism – Insulting half step in the right direction. Questioning of the “spectrum”/”heterogeneous syndrome” concept is a good first step toward clear phenotypical definitions. Unfortunately it will probably be awhile before we get our collective heads out of our asses regarding the whole “behavior as a disease” stupidity. Math abilities in autism spectrum…

Astrocytic uptake of neuronal corpses promotes cell-to-cell spreading of tau pathology – This is interesting if it confirms out and tweaks things a bit. My prior assumption was that tau aggregates accumulated due to bad folds, I didn’t realize tau isn’t native to astrocytes at all. That was a huge miss on my part. Reconstituting…

We do not “induce” changes to living cells, living cells respond to external conditions. Adding a chemical or stimulation doesn’t “make the cells change”, it is the cells themselves which already have the programming to change when it receives that stimuli which change. Genetic diversity provides a distinct set of responses available to cells, even…

Pluripotent Stem Cells as a Model for Human Embryogenesis – Read this and thought it’s the manifestation of the Sci-Fi no male future societies, e.g. The Outer Limits remake (I think) or Futurama. The conceit that some miracle of miracles happens at conception to create a new life is pretty seriously questioned here, when we…

The hippocampus is a stream processor, responsible for integrating, degrading, and conforming information maps between (primary) external and (inferior) internal systems. The conformancy function is largely provided by a region of the hippocampus called the “CA2” (not to be confused with Calcium), which has a significant role in mapping and modulating “expectation” state against “current”…

Do astrocytes respond to light, sound, or electrical stimulation? – To activate maximum contrarianism I’d argue the answer to this question is no, they “respond” to changes in metabolic processes within the cells. But yes, you can manipulate those metabolic processes by changing the energetic environment around the cells. Astrocyte dysfunction and neuronal network hyperactivity…

Why have connectome projects failed so consistently in generating any useful models to predict behavior? Because connectome models are not maps of nervous systems, they are maps of a tiny sliver of neuron specific function. Nearly all connectome models at this point carry the assumptive burden that a) neurons are the primary units of calculation…